Glycerine general Information
Thai Poly Chemicals
Company Limited l Thailand
Glycerine
Tel No. +6634 496284, +6634
854888, +668 24504888, +668 800160016
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| Thailand Glycerine Tel. 034854888, 0824504888 |
Glycerol or Glycerine or Glycerin
(see spelling differences) is a simple polyol compound. It is a colorless,
odorless, viscous liquid that is sweet-tasting and non-toxic. The glycerol
backbone is found in all lipids known as triglycerides. It is widely used in
the food industry as a sweetener and humectant and in pharmaceutical
formulations. Glycerol has three hydroxyl groups that are responsible for its
solubility in water and its hygroscopic nature.
Production
Glycerol is generally obtained
from plant and animal sources where it occurs as triglycerides. Triglycerides
are esters of glycerol with long-chain carboxylic acids. The hydrolysis,
saponification or transesterification of these triglycerides produces glycerol
as well as the fatty acid derivative
Typical plant sources include
soybeans or palm. Animal-derived tallow is another source. Approximately
950,000 tons per year are produced in the United States and Europe; 350,000
tons of glycerol were produced per year in the United States alone from 2000 to
2004 Production will increase as the EU directive 2003/30/EC are implemented,
which required the replacement of 5.75% of petroleum fuels with biofuel across
all member states by 2010, as glycerol is a byproduct in the production of
biodiesel. It was projected in 2006 that by the year 2020, production would be
six times more than demand.
Glycerol from triglycerides is
produced on a large scale, but the crude product is of variable quality, with a
low selling price of as low as 1–8 U.S. cents per pound in 2011. It can be
purified, but the process is expensive. Some glycerol is burned for energy, but
the heat value is low.
Crude glycerol from the hydrolysis
of triglycerides can be purified by treatment with activated carbon to remove
organic impurities, alkali to remove unreacted glycerol esters, and ion
exchange to remove salts. High purity glycerol (> 99.5%) is obtained by
multi-step distillation; vacuum is helpful due to the high boiling point of
glycerol (290 °C)
Synthetic glycerol
Although usually not cost-effective,
glycerol can be produced by various routes from propylene. The epichlorohydrin
process is the most important; it involves the chlorination of propylene to
give allyl chloride, which is oxidized with hypochlorite to dichlorohydrins,
which reacts with a strong base to give epichlorohydrin. This epichlorohydrin
is then hydrolyzed to give glycerol. Chlorine-free processes from propylene
include the synthesis of glycerol from acrolein and propylene oxide.
Because of the large scale
production of biodiesel from fats, where glycerol is a waste product, the
market for glycerol is depressed. Thus, synthetic processes are not economical.
Owing to oversupply, efforts are being made to convert glycerol to synthetic
precursors, such as acrolein and epichlorohydrin.
Applications of Glycerol or
Glycerine
Food industry
In food and beverages, glycerol
serves as a humectant, solvent, and sweetener, and may help preserve foods. It
is also used as filler in commercially prepared low-fat foods (e.g., cookies),
and as a thickening agent in liqueurs. Glycerol and water are used to preserve
certain types of plant leaves. As a
sugar substitute, it has approximately 27 kilocalories per teaspoon (sugar has
20) and is 60% as sweet as sucrose. It does not feed the bacteria that form
plaques and cause dental cavities. As a food additive, glycerol is labeled as E
number E422. It is added to icing (frosting) to prevent it from setting too
hard. As used in foods, glycerol is categorized by the Academy of Nutrition and
Dietetics as a carbohydrate. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
carbohydrate designation includes all caloric macronutrients excluding protein
and fat. Glycerol has a caloric density similar to table sugar, but a lower
glycemic index and different metabolic pathway within the body, so some dietary
advocates accept glycerol as a sweetener compatible with low carbohydrate
diets. It is also recommended as an additive when using polyol sweeteners such
as erythritol and xylitol which have a cooling effect, due to its heating
effect in the mouth, if the cooling effect is not wanted.
Pharmaceutical and personal care
applications
Glycerol suppositories used as
laxatives
Glycerol is used in medical and
pharmaceutical and personal care preparations, mainly as a means of improving
smoothness, providing lubrication and as a humectant. It is found in allergen
immunotherapies, cough syrups, elixirs and expectorants, toothpaste,
mouthwashes, skin care products, shaving cream, hair care products, soaps and
water-based personal lubricants. In solid dosage forms like tablets, glycerol
is used as a tablet holding agent. For human consumption, glycerol is
classified by the U.S. FDA among the sugar alcohols as a caloric macronutrient.
Glycerol is a component of glycerin soap. Essential oils are added for
fragrance. This kind of soap is used by people with sensitive, easily irritated
skin because it prevents skin dryness with its moisturizing properties. It
draws moisture up through skin layers and slows or prevents excessive drying
and evaporation. Glycerol can be used as a laxative when introduced into the
rectum in suppository or small-volume (2–10 ml) (enema) form; it irritates the
anal mucosa and induces a hyperosmotic effect. Taken orally (often mixed with
fruit juice to reduce its sweet taste), glycerol can cause a rapid, temporary
decrease in the internal pressure of the eye. This can be useful for the initial
emergency treatment of severely elevated eye pressure.
Botanical extracts
When utilized in
"tincture" method extractions, specifically as a 10% solution,
glycerol prevents tannins from precipitating in ethanol extracts of plants
(tinctures). It is also used as an "alcohol-free" alternative to
ethanol as a solvent in preparing herbal extractions. It is less extractive
when utilized in a standard tincture methodology. Alcohol-based tinctures can
also have the alcohol removed and replaced with glycerol for its preserving
properties. Such products are not "alcohol-free" in a scientific
sense, as glycerol contains three hydroxyl groups. Fluid extract manufacturers
often extract herbs in hot water before adding glycerol to make glycerites.
When used as a primary
"true" alcohol-free botanical extraction solvent in non-tincture
based methodologies, glycerol has been shown to possess a high degree of
extractive versatility for botanicals including removal of numerous
constituents and complex compounds, with an extractive power that can rival
that of alcohol and water/alcohol solutions.[citation needed] That glycerol
possesses such high extractive power assumes it is utilized with dynamic
methodologies as opposed to standard passive "tincturing"
methodologies that are better suited to alcohol. Glycerol possesses the
intrinsic property of not denaturing or rendering a botanical's constituents
inert (as alcohols – i.e. ethyl (grain) alcohol, methyl (wood) alcohol, etc.,
do). Glycerol is a stable preserving agent for botanical extracts that, when
utilized in proper concentrations in an extraction solvent base, does not allow
inverting or reduction-oxidation of a finished extract's constituents, even
over several years.[citation needed] Both glycerol and ethanol are viable
preserving agents. Glycerol is bacteriostatic in its action, and ethanol is
bactericidal in its action.
Electronic cigarette liquid
Vegetable glycerin is a common
component of e-liquid, a solution used with electronic vaporizers (electronic
cigarettes), that is heated with an atomizer to produce a vapor in order to
deliver flavors and optionally nicotine.
Antifreeze
Main article: antifreeze
Like ethylene glycol and propylene
glycol, glycerol is a non-ionic kosmotrope that forms strong hydrogen bonds
with water molecules, competing with water-water hydrogen bonds. This disrupts
the crystal lattice formation of ice unless the temperature is significantly
lowered. The minimum freezing point temperature is at about −36 °F / −37.8 °C corresponding to 70% glycerol in water. Glycerol was
historically used as an anti-freeze for automotive applications before being
replaced by ethylene glycol, which has a lower freezing point. While the
minimum freezing point of a glycerol-water mixture is higher than an ethylene
glycol-water mixture, glycerol is not toxic and is being re-examined for use in
automotive applications. In the laboratory, glycerol is a common component of
solvents for enzymatic reagents stored at temperatures below 0 °C due to the
depression of the freezing temperature. It is also used as a cryoprotectant
where the glycerol is dissolved in water to reduce damage by ice crystals to
laboratory organisms that are stored in frozen solutions, such as bacteria,
nematodes, and mammalian embryos.
Internal Combustion Fuel
Used to power diesel generators
supplying electricity for the FIA Formula E series of electric race cars.
Chemical intermediate
Glycerol is used to produce
nitroglycerin, which is an essential ingredient of various explosives such as
dynamite, gelignite, and propellants like cordite. Reliance on soap-making to
supply co-product glycerol made it difficult to increase production to meet
wartime demand. Hence, synthetic glycerol processes were national defense
priorities in the days leading up to World War II. Nitroglycerin, also known as
glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) is commonly used to relieve angina pectoris, taken in
the form of sub-lingual tablets, or as an aerosol spray. Allyl iodide, a
chemical building block for polymers, preservatives, organometallic catalysts,
and pharmaceuticals, can be synthesized by using elemental phosphorus and
iodine on glycerol. A great deal of research is being conducted to try to make
value-added products from crude glycerol (typically containing 20% water and
residual esterification catalyst) obtained from biodiesel production. The use of crude glycerol as an additive to
biomass for a renewable energy source when burned or gasified is also being
explored.
Keywords, other names,
Glycerine
Glycerine
USP
Glycerine
Pharmaceutical Grade
Pure
Glycerine
Reifined
Glycerine
Glycerine
99.5% Min
99.5% purified Glycerine
Glycerine
99.5% USP
Liquid
Glycerine
Glycerol
Glycerol
USP
Glycerol
Pharma Grade
Pure
Glycerol
Reifined
Glycerol
Glycerol
99.5% Min
99.5% purified Glycerol
1,2,3-Propanetriol,
Propanetriol
Glyceritol
Glycic
Alcohol
1,2,3-Trihydroxypropane
CAS No.
56-81-5
C3H5(OH)3
C3H8O3
Propane-1,2,3-triol
Glycerin
Glycerin
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Glycerine
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More information, please contact
Thai Poly Chemicals
Company Limited l Thailand
Glycerine
36/5 Moo 9, Nadee,
Mueangsamutsakhon, Samutsakhon 74000
Tel No. +6634 496284, +6634
854888, +668 24504888, +668 800160016
Website:
www.thaipolychemicals.com
Email address:
polychemicals888@gmail.com
